9/1/2023 0 Comments Trump daily schedule pd![]() ![]() Trump has kept his detail, so agents would need to be by his side at all times. Agents are tasked with the protection of former presidents unless and until they say they don’t need it. ![]() A lot depends on the severity of the case and whether defendants arrange to turn themselves in.īut there is no playbook for booking an ex-president with U.S. There can be differences in where the different steps happen, how long they take, whether handcuffs come out and other particulars. All told, defendants are typically detained for at least several hours.įOLLOW: Live updates of Trump grand jury indictment Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s office said it had contacted Trump’s lawyer to coordinate his surrender and arraignment.įor any New York defendant, poor or powerful, answering criminal charges means being fingerprinted and photographed, fielding basic questions such as name and birthdate, and getting arraigned. The person said the details of a surrender are still being worked out. Trump - a Republican who assailed the case Thursday as a Democratic prosecutor’s “political persecution” of “a completely innocent person” - is expected to turn himself in to authorities next week, according to a person familiar with the matter but not authorized to discuss it publicly. The indictment itself remains sealed for now in the first criminal case ever brought against a former U.S. Trump was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury, prosecutors and defense lawyers said Thursday, after an investigation into payments made during his 2016 presidential campaign to silence claims of an extramarital sexual encounter. Former President Donald Trump is expected to become one of them as early as next week. at Dayton International Airport "comes on the heels of record-setting 40-year high inflation in the Buckeye State, where nearly 70 percent of all Ohioans agree the country is heading 'in the wrong direction' under Joe Biden.NEW YORK (AP) - Every day, hundreds of people are taken into law enforcement custody in New York City. In a news release, Save America PAC said that Trump's rally at the Wright Bros. The Hillbilly Elegy author is in another close midterm race, narrowly beating his Democratic rival Tim Ryan in the most-recent opinion polls.Īccording to FiveThirtyEight's national survey average, Vance is ahead of Ryan by fewer than 2 points (46.3 percent to 44.6). "Thanks to President Trump, Florida is no longer a purple state it's an America First Red State." November 7, Ohioįinally, Trump will hold a rally in Vandalia, Ohio, on Monday, November 7, to show support for his endorsed candidates in the state, most notably Senate hopeful J.D. "President Trump delivered a historic red wave for Florida in the 2018 midterms with his slate of endorsed candidates up and down the ballot and molded the Sunshine State into the MAGA stronghold it is today," the former president's team said. This is the latest sign the relationship between Trump and the governor is strained, amid reports both men are planning a 2024 run for president. What is significant about the rally in Florida is that Ron DeSantis will not be present, and was not even told the event will be happening, according to Politico media outlet. The next stage of Trump's mini tour will be to Florida, where he will show support for Senator Marco Rubio at the Miami-Dade County Fair and Exposition. Democrats losing voters in 2 key Pennsylvania counties.Will Marjorie Taylor Greene be Donald Trump's 2024 running mate?. ![]()
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![]() ![]() If you don’t have enough Star Rail Special Passes to do more warps, you can still get the free 5-star by making more warps in the future. You can make warps over time, and the total number of warps will add up until you reach 300. Note that you don’t have to pull 300 times all at once. Screenshot by Kristine Tuting/ONE Esports After doing so, go to “Additional Rewards” in the bottom right corner of the banner to claim the free 5-star character of your choice.Go to the permanent banner “Stellar Warp.”.She is from the same orphanage as Seele and is an incredibly strong character in the game. Obtaining her Eidolons is relatively easier, as she is a 4-star unit, which can further amplify her already formidable buffs. Bronya Rand, shortened to just Bronya on her character name, is a Harmony/Wind 5-star character in Honkai: Star Rail. Complete the tutorial until the warp system unlocks. Related: Honkai: Star Rail All 5-Star Characters, Ranked.Log in to your Honkai Star Rail account.To get a 5-star for free, you need to spend 300 Warps first in HSR’s Stellar Warp, also known as the permanent banner. ![]() How to get your free 5-star character in Honkai Star Rail: Requirements, instructions HSR system requirements: Minimum and recommended specifications for PC, Android, iOSĮxclusive: Is HSR a sequel to Honkai Impact 3rd? HoYoverse spills the teaģ compelling reasons why HSR is the next best RPG for Genshin playersįull list of all Honkai Star Rail characters: Rarity, combat type, paths, release What if we told you that you could get one of them for free, and to your own liking? There are numerous starting 5-star characters in the game - seven, to be exact.Īs with any other gacha game, getting these 5-star characters can be challenging and often requires a lot of time and effort. Players, also called Trailblazers, can acquire 5-stars in the form of Light Cones or characters in warp banners, the game’s gacha aspect. In Honkai Star Rail, a turn-based role-playing game set in the HoYoverse universe, SSRs are the ultimate rarity level, equivalent to a 5-star rating. ![]() So long as your team members have at least a little HP, it is always possible to heal them more in combat.Īnd that's everything you need to know about how to revive characters in Honkai Star Rail.Gacha games have become increasingly popular over the years, with millions of players worldwide drawn to the thrill of the unknown and the excitement of collecting rare and powerful units or items.įor many gacha gamers, the ultimate goal is to obtain SSRs - the rarest and most valuable items in these games. ![]() Here are the best 4 and 5-star heroes so far. It is always recommended to bring some kind of healer when you enter particularly difficult battles, as this will offset the need to revive downed party members at all. Published Honkai: Star Rail has many characters that players can use in battle and on their adventures. Unlike other RPGs, such as Pokémon, it is not possible to use healing items in combat in Honkai Star Rail. With no release date planned just yet, our Honkai Star Rail tier list hasnt been able to properly materialize. The only way to revive a downed character is via a character's skill (such as Bailu) or via specific Simulated Universe Blessings. February 16, 2023: The third and final Honkai Star Rail beta has begun. (Picture: HoYoverse)Īt the time of writing this article, there is no way to revive party members while in combat. Healers other than Bailu cannot revive party members in combat. Typically, players will need to use a Consumable to revive a downed party member before using more Consumables to bring them back up to full HP. Players can make these using recipes or come across them in the overworld through Investigations or as quest rewards. Thankfully, you can set a restriction to heal or not heal your party when passing by one if you want to save the Anchor Energy charge for later.Īdditionally, there are several consumables that can revive downed party members to a low-HP amount. That being said, Space Achors' healing potential needs real-world time to recover and will go on cooldown after being used. The characters present in the 1.2 update for Honkai: Star Rail are Blade and Kafka, with the newly announced Four-Star, Luka running alongside Kafka in the. She is a wind character that can cleanse a debuff off allies and also advance action bar by 100. At the release of Honkai: Star Rail, there are nine playable characters that are of the 5-star rarity. So, if you find yourself with several defeated party members after a difficult battle, simply navigate to a Space Anchor to revive and heal your team for free. Bronya is one of the best supports available in the game. By standing near a Space Anchor, a player's team will be fully healed, and any party members will be revived to full HP. There are several ways to revive characters in Honkai Star Rail, but the quickest way is to teleport to a Space Anchor. How To Revive Characters In Honkai Star Rail Bailu can revive downed party members. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Google pro earth![]() ![]() RockWare’s clients can understand the impact of these types of geological events so that they will know how to act upon them. If a toxic spill leaks into the water table, RockWare can model the spread and speed of the contamination using animations. Using this data - Google Earth Pro produces interactive 3D visuals, which RockWare shares with their customers. Explore worldwide satellite imagery and 3D buildings and terrain for hundreds. With a GPS device and specialty tools, RockWare plots the data on a map to gain intuitive 3D understanding of the rocks and then imports this data into Google Earth Pro. Google Earth Pro on desktop is now free and available to download for Windows, macOS, Android and Linux. RockWare, a geological software company based in Golden, Colorado founded in 1983, is known for taking field measurements at the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains to determine the mysteries underneath the surface that are causing the tilts of rock formations. For each state, you can find out demographic information in regards to the age, education, gender and income for the current year or the five-year projected. This data could be useful for businesses to conduct marketing research. And the free version of Google Earth only allows you to import image files that are up to a max texture size, but Google Earth Pro offers Super Image Overlays that are more than the max texture size.ĭata in Google Earth Pro that I find most compelling is the U.S. The free version of Google Earth requires you to manually geo-locate geographic information system (GIS) images, but Google Earth Pro helps you automatically find them. As most of you probably know by now, Google Earth Pro is now free to use for everyone. The free version of Google Earth lets you print screen resolution images, whereas Google Earth Pro offers premium high resolution photos. ![]() There are several differences between the free version of Google Earth and Google Earth Pro. The Google Earth desktop client hit the billion download mark in October 2011. Under Keyhole, the application was known as EarthViewer 3D. Google Earth was created after Google acquired CIA-funded Keyhole Inc. 2.93M reviews 100M+ Downloads Everyone info Install About this app arrowforward Explore the whole world from above with satellite imagery and 3D terrain of the entire globe and 3D buildings in. Google Earth is a geospatial software application that displays a virtual globe, which offers the ability to analyze and capture geographical data. Google Earth Pro used to cost $399 per year. Today Google has announced that Google Earth Pro is now available for free. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Architect degree programs![]() ![]() ![]() official transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended.a completed Graduate School application, and payment of the non-refundable application fee.degree program must submit the following: program culminates in a professional degree, accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB).Ī minimum grade-point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale is required.Īll applicants for admission to the M.Arch. The applicant’s baccalaureate degree may be in a field other than architecture or be a non-professional baccalaureate degree in architecture. Requirements listed here are in addition to Graduate Council policies listed under GCAC-300 Admissions Policies. in Architecture program is a research-focused degree program for students with a research-focused master’s degree who have previously studied the technical and professional aspects of architectural or landscape architectural practice and are primarily interested in strengthening the intellectual underpinnings of their work through significant and original theoretical inquiry.Īpplicants apply for admission to the program via the Graduate School application for admission. in Architecture program is a research-focused degree program designed to offer students graduate level research inquiry into architecture for students who hold a professional baccalaureate or graduate degree in architecture. However, the pre-professional degree is not, by itself, recognized as an accredited degree." (Excerpt from NAAB Conditions for Accreditation, 2009 Edition). professional degree programs in architecture, recognizes three types of degrees: the Bachelor of Architecture, the Master of Architecture, and the Doctor of Architecture. A program may be granted a 6-year, 3-year, or 2-year term of accreditation, depending on the extent of its conformance with established educational standards. Doctor of Architecture and Master of Architecture degree programs may consist of a pre-professional undergraduate degree and a professional graduate degree that, when earned sequentially, constitute an accredited professional education. The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), which is the sole agency authorized to accredit U.S. "In the United States, most state registration boards require a degree from an accredited professional degree program as a prerequisite for licensure. program is a professional degree program focused on preparation to practice architecture for students who hold a bachelor's degree. The M.Arch. degree is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. ![]() in Architecture and Transdisciplinary Research on Environment and Society The title of the table Graduate Program Headĭual-Title M.S. Transdisciplinary Research on Environment and Society.Strategic Management and Executive Leadership.Renewable Energy and Sustainability Systems.Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management.Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences.Management and Organizational Leadership.International Agriculture and Development.Human Resources and Employment Relations.Enterprise Architecture and Business Transformation.Engineering Leadership and Innovation Management.Energy, Environmental, and Food Economics.Education, Development and Community Engagement.Ecosystem Management and Administration.Criminal Justice Policy and Administration.Corporate Innovation and Entrepreneurship.Comparative and International Education.Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies.Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology.Agricultural and Environmental Plant Science.Agricultural and Biological Engineering. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Rock lee and guy sensei![]() ![]() While we may not know much about Rock Lee’s biological parents, it’s clear that Guy Sensei has been like a father to him. He was then taken in and raised by Guy Sensei. His mother also died soon after, leaving Rock Lee an orphan. We know that his father was a shinobi, but he died when Rock Lee was very young. Unfortunately, we don’t know much about Rock Lee’s parents. He’s known for his dedication to hard work and never giving up, even when the odds are against him. As a result of Kakashi’s care for Guy, he was more than just a friend to him.Rock Lee is a beloved character from the anime series Naruto. Despite his constant visits, Kakashi finally acknowledged Guy as his rival and best friend. When Guy requested to join the ANBU to be closer to Kakashi, Kakashi agreed, and they had always had Guy’s back. It’s difficult to imagine how Kakashi Hatake and Might Guy would ever be apart of one another, and their bonds are unbreakable. GaiKaka ( KakaGai) is a combination of the words. The Unbreakable Friendship Of Kakashi And GuyĪs the name suggests, the couple KakaGai (*** KakaGai) is a type of love relationship between Kakashi Hatake and Might Guy. Despite the negative reaction, fans of Naruto continue to regard Kakashi Hatake and Iruka Umino as one of the most popular love stories. Despite this, the majority of fans believe that the couple is a strong and believable one. According to some, the relationship takes too long, and the two characters lack chemistry. Despite their popularity, the couple has received a slew of negative fan reactions. It has appeared in a variety of merchandise, including figurines, keychains, and keychains with the characters’ signatures. It’s no secret that Naruto’s love story between Kakashi Hatake and Iruka Umino has always been hot topics. They have also appeared in anime and movies such as Naruto Shippden and Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, as well as Boruto: Naruto the Movie, which will be released in theaters in 2019. Their characters’ signatures have appeared on a variety of merchandise, including figurines, keychains, and keychains with the characters’ likenesses. KakaIru has been a hit in the manga world since it began, and it continues to be so today. Kakashi appears to lack romantic feelings for his opponents and does not appear to flirt with any of them. ![]() A portion of the episode is actually a flashback to one of Kakashi’s childhood memories. The episode title, “Kakashi’s Love Song,” refers to the scene in which Hanare and Kakashi meet. There is no romantic element to the scene, which was not intended to be romantic at all. Kakashi has known her for nearly a decade, and she and him share a female ninja who is approximately the same age as him. Hanare is the only anime character who appears in all of its episodes. Despite the fact that he wants to find a woman of his dreams, he appears to be more concerned with assisting ninjas in their development. Kakashi, as a species, does not appear to be in a serious relationship or has any children. Throughout the manga and anime, fans have attempted to tell his story of love and infatuation. The character of Kakashi Hatake is one of the most popular in the series. Ultimately, it is up to the reader to decide. However, there are many moments in the series where their relationship seems more than platonic, such as when Kakashi confesses his love for Guy after he dies. Some people believe that Guy and Kakashi are in a romantic relationship, while others believe that they are simply close friends. There is no clear answer, and it largely depends on interpretation. This, combined with the other two factors, makes it seem highly likely that Guy Sensei is, in fact, gay. ![]() Finally, Guy Sensei has never been shown to express interest in any of the female characters in the series. This type of behavior is often seen as being indicative of a homosexual relationship. He is seen hugging him and even kissing him on the cheek on multiple occasions. Secondly, Guy Sensei is always shown to be very close to his student, Rock Lee. He is also very effeminate in his mannerisms and is often seen giggling and blushing. He is always seen wearing brightly colored clothes and his hair is styled in an outrageous manner. First and foremost, Guy Sensei is incredibly flamboyant. While there is no clear answer, there are several factors that suggest that he may be. There has been much debate surrounding the question of whether or not Guy Sensei from the popular anime series Naruto is gay. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Diy psu shroud![]() ![]() One example is the whine of the spools within the PSU which can result from high performance load or load changes. While this is true they are not completely soundless – there’s always noise caused by electrical parts which is very difficult to suppress and can actually be even louder than a rotating fan. By and large they are built like regular active PSUs but with the major difference that their fan is usually dormant and only springs into action when the system crosses a pre-defined performance limit, usually something between 40% and 50%, or a certain temperature threshold.īoth of these technologies claim to be extremely silent as no mechanical noises occur when the fan doesn’t rotate. This brings “semi-passive power supplies” into view. This means that from this point on you simply need something actively dissipating the heat thus preventing overheating and shutdown. ![]() Sounds super, but has one major drawback: This only works up to a certain performance limit as crossing that threshold bears the very real risk of overheating the system. “passive” means that the PSU comes completely without a fan, the heat dissipation is completely being taken care of by a big heat sink – which means that the system is pretty much noiseless. But there are two developments in that field that cropped up in the last few years and warrant a closer look: passive and semi-passive power supply units. Our approach to PSUs is to equip them with high-grade components and put a very silent fan on top. There’s absolutely no reason for having to endure a loud power supply unit anymore, as was quite the standard about 15 years ago. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Popclips howie mandel![]() ![]() His mom did office work to make ends meet, but that all changed in 1951 when she came up with the idea for Liquid Paper (originally called “Mistake Out”). His parents, Warren and Bette, divorced when he was 4, and Nesmith moved with his mother to Dallas. Robert Michael Nesmith was born in Houston on Dec. “Things like The Monkees show have a specific lifetime, and when it’s through, it is through, left for history to assess.” “We all were - very tired - and the show was starting to repeat itself,” Nesmith said in a 2018 interview. 45 - the first time a Monkees LP had failed to break the top five. The soundtrack was equally disappointing. “They work very hard and they aren’t any good,” Renata Adler wrote in her review for The New York Times. Head was intended to be an edgy satire that poked fun at war, Hollywood phoniness and The Monkees themselves, but it was a box office disaster. Written by Rafelson (who also directed) and Jack Nicholson, the counterculture film was purportedly conceived during an LSD- and pot-fueled weekend. The series ended in March 1968 after its second season, but The Monkees took a final on-screen bow with Head (1968). He would lead the charge to give the boys a bigger say. This irked Nesmith, the group’s most accomplished musician he thought The Monkees could become a real band had they been given the opportunity. The Monkees sang, but others played the instruments. Music producer Don Kirshner ran the recording sessions, chose the songs and solicited tunes from the likes of Neil Diamond, Carole King & Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka & Carole Bayer Sager and Tommy Boyce & Bobby Hart. 1 albums that year, and some sources back him up, but he backtracked on that claim years later. The Monkees, Nesmith said, outsold The Beatles and Rolling Stones, combined, in 1967. 1, as did their first four albums - The Monkees, More of the Monkees, Headquarters and Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. Three Monkees singles - “I’m a Believer,” “Last Train to Clarksville” and “Daydream Believer” - made it to No. Realizing the series could be a record-selling gold mine, the show’s production company, Screen Gems, featured two songs in each episode. Schneider and Rafelson agreed to call him Mike but insisted he keep the hat. Producers intended on calling his character “Wool Hat,” but Nesmith hated that idea. That look on a sunny California day made an impression during his audition. To keep his hair out of his face, he wore a green wool hat. There’s another reason Nesmith might have gotten the gig: he rode a motorcycle. He also was very funny - so much so that after test audiences didn’t connect with the pilot, the producers added his and Jones’ screen test, and approval ratings soared. Nesmith won over producers with his nonchalant demeanor. Nearly 450 aspiring actor-musicians tried out. Running parts for 4 insane boys age 17-21.” “Folk & Roll Musicians for acting roles in a new TV series. “Madness!! Auditions,” read a blurb published Sept. Nesmith got in after answering an ad in the trades. “It was also unusual that the four didn’t have any character names but essentially played themselves: Mike the older leader, Davy the heartthrob, Micky the wacky cutup and Peter the childlike innocent.”ĭubbed the “Prefab Four,” The Monkees each received $400 a week for the show. “ The Monkees was the first TV show that had only young people in the lead, with no ‘adult’ figure in sight (no parent, no manager),” Gwen Ihnat wrote in a 2016 article for The A.V. An immediate hit upon its September 1966 debut, it won the Emmy for outstanding comedy series after its first season and became a pop culture phenomenon. The brainchild of producers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider, the comedy was designed to cash in on the popularity of The Beatles by mirroring the zaniness of Help! and A Hard Day’s Night. Nesmith was 24 and an up-and-coming musician getting noticed for penning such tunes as “Different Drum” - recorded in 1967 by the Linda Ronstadt-led Stone Poneys - when he was cast as one of the four carefree youngsters living in a California beach house looking to make it in the music world on NBC’s The Monkees. Jerry Moss, A&M Records Co-Founder and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Member, Dies at 88 ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Adventure colossal cave![]() ![]() Microsoft Adventure was completely written by Gordon Letwin in 1979, two years prior to the IBM release. This was actually worth advertising as saving and loading games wasn't a common feature back then. You can use your IBM Personal Computer for other things, and yet return days or weeks later and continue your Adventure journey. Since advanced players can survive in Colossal Cave for hours, Adventure allows you to stop the action in the cave. But soon, it was superseded by much better entries.īeing such an early game, it's no surprise that even its capability to save/load was advertised as a selling point! One of the first games on IBM PC and very first text adventure on PC, when almost nothing else was available yet. 40x25 text mode is used with more common CGA, which is strange, as indeed CGA has 80x25 text mode as well (in the end even early PC-DOS 1.00 booted into that text CGA mode). If you boot the game with MDA emulation, voila, 80x25 is there, which is way better. I found that DOSBox-X can emulate MDA (IBM's Monochrome Display Adapter). From that point of view, text adventure games which just came 1 year later on identical hardware (Zork, Infocom adventures) are much better in that regard.Įdit: so I found that it's possible to have 80x25 text mode in this game. IMO, it was not good decision as there's not lot of text on screen with minimum text decorations, thus reading it is a bit strain on the eyes. The game is using 40x25 text mode even if 80x25 was available on PC. Despite being made in 1981, Microsoft Adventure is not the best, what was possible in those times, from technical perspective. I'm trying to experience old games as they were, taking into account technical limitations of that era. An interesting history lesson, but probably too simple if you're not specifically interested in the topic. Today, the game is mostly interesting for historical reasons because of all the concepts it introduced, and for that matter, an authentic implementation like Microsoft Adventure is better suited.Ī good opportunity for home-computer players to experience the original mainframe Colossal Cave, much like it would have been to play the original one. But then I don't really see why you should be playing Adventure at all. In case you want to have a look at the original Adventure, but would like to have an improved interface and better mechanics than the original mainframe versions, there are a number of colourful clicky-button remakes with graphics and whatnot out there. This might not be the right thing for you if you're not up for the real oldschool. It doesn't leave anything out, and content-wise it doesn't add anything of its own. If you're looking to experience the original game, Microsoft Adventure is a good choice. It adds quite some comfort to the game play, especially if you're used to playing games that are a bit newer than this one. The only distinctive feature is the possibility to save the state to one of two slots on the diskette at any time during the game. The programmer, Gordon Letwin, clearly tried to recreate the original as closely as possible, right down to the crude parser. ![]() Microsoft Adventure implements the most popular version of the Colossal Cave Adventure: the one from 1977 with Woods' expansions to Crowther's original material. ![]() ![]() ![]() Start slowly with low doses of antifungals. You should begin taking your antifungals a few weeks after you start the anti-Candida diet. Natural antifungals are a good alternative, but if you suspect you have a serious fungal infection you should always consult your doctor first. Unfortunately, the similarity between human cells and fungus cells means that prescription antifungals tend to have nasty side effects. There are many different types of antifungal, but most work by damaging the cell wall of the fungus cell, causing it to die. Sign up to our free, 8-part email course today, and learn how to create your own, personalized Candida treatment plan :) In our program, we adopt a multi-stage approach to treatment that should minimize the chance of this happening. ![]() That’s known as a Herxheimer reaction (or, more simply, Candida Die-Off), and it can make your treatment much more difficult. ![]() Going too fast can destroy too many Candida cells too quickly, which can result in a flood of Candida toxins being released into your gut. Remember to start slow with your antifungals. Using a set of antifungals consistently works better then rotating them. This will help to prevent Candida albicans from adapting to your treatment, which is also why rotating antifungals is generally a bad idea. Try taking two or three antifungals at the same time to get the most out of your treatment. In our Ultimate Candida Diet treatment program, Dr Eric Wood and I recommend waiting until you have been on a low-sugar diet for a few weeks, and after you have started taking some probiotic supplements or foods. You can start taking antifungals soon after you begin your anti-Candida diet. A good antifungal or two should be one of the mainstays of your Candida treatment plan, along with probiotics and a nutritious, low sugar diet. Herbal remedies like oregano oil, garlic and grapefruit seed extract are all potent natural antifungals. There are many natural antifungals that will help with Candida. Last updated Januby Lisa Richards, CNC Reviewed by Dr Eric Wood, ND. ![]() 9/1/2023 0 Comments Prodeus igg![]() ![]() This broad coverage is facilitated by a low-affinity antigen-binding site. It is produced rapidly to provide immediate and broad defense against infections. IgM is the primordial member and the first to respond to foreign insults to the body. Igs are indeed one of the most exhaustively studied bio-molecules and have over a century revealed an endless trove of invaluable molecular secrets. Nature designed the antibody molecule including a whole family of these immunoglobulins (Igs) with great intricacy and intrigue. These findings call for a re-look at the clinical potential of IgM antibodies particularly in specific areas of cancer therapy, tissue pathology and vaccine design, where IgG antibodies have failed due to target inaccessibility. We further speculate that polyreactive IgMs, which enigmatically bind to more than one type of antigen, use the same modus operandi. We hypothesize that whereas the intact and rigid antigen-binding site of IgG hinders the antibody from docking with antigens that are obstructed, in IgM, the two component polypeptides of the antigen-binding site can dissociate from each other and navigate individually through obstacles like the ancestral single-polypeptide antibodies found in sharks and camelids, both components eventually re-grouping around the antigen. We reason that, contrary to current belief, IgM does not bind in a lock-and-key manner like IgG. Accordingly, oligomerization of GTP (30-mer) destroyed the binding of the IgG antibodies but enhanced that of the IgMs in inhibition ELISA. ![]() ![]() The IgG antibodies could bind, however, if GTP was presented more spaciously on larger particles or as a univalent hapten. The results were replicated in cell-free direct binding assays using small latex microspheres decorated densely with GTP. Serendipitously, however, we found a paradox: While murine IgM antibodies specific for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) were able to recognize native guanylyl antigens found in primate or rat muscle tissues by immunofluorescence assays (which mimicked the auto-antibodies from autoimmune patients to skeletal or smooth muscle), the murine and human IgG counterparts failed. IgM is the primordial member and the neglected sibling of the later-evolved and more proficient IgG in regard to their therapeutic and diagnostic use. 1Clinical Immunology Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaĪntibodies are well-known protein mediators of immunity.Eric Chun Yiu Law 1†‡ Danny Tze Ming Leung 1†‡ Frankie Chi Hang Tam 1,2 ‡ Kitty Kit Ting Cheung 1 † Naomi Hua Yin Cheng 1 † Pak Leong Lim 1,2 * ![]() |
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